The worst time to discover that your backup system isn’t working is when you’ve lost key information and need to recover it. Nowadays, there are as many ways to back up your data as there are ways to lose it. Products range from the venerable tape back up to hard drives to online backup services. No matter which product ends up being appropriate for you, the principals of sound data backup are the same:
| 1. | Determine what data needs to get backed up, how often and for how long. |
| 2. | Keep it simple. |
| 3. | Test your back ups. |
| 4. | Keep some sort of back up off-site. |
What to Back Up
Conduct a thorough analysis and inventory of existing computer networks with a focus on data storage. A good place to start is listing the directories on each server or storage device in a spreadsheet and then adding columns for the type of data in that directory (the content, not the file type—”Contracts” or “Bookmarks,” not DOC or XLS), the owner (who would care if the files were deleted), and whether they are essential to your business. In a more complex environment, add another column for a time when no one is using the file and it can be backed up online.
This brings up an interesting question: What is essential to your business? For a simple answer, ask yourself, “If I lose that file, could I lose money?” Note that the question is could rather than would; this casts a wider net—better safe than sorry.
How Often to Back Up – Keep It Simple
Next, consider your backup schedule. There’s a whole theory and science to backup rotations. As a result, we recommend that you skip to step number 2 – keep it simple. The more complex your system and schedule, the greater the chance that there will be a failure.
The most simple setup is to back up everything, every day, with very limited and standardized exclusions. Don’t do incremental or differential backups. This increases the number of tapes/media required for a restore and therefore decreases the chance of a successful restore. NO “Swiss cheese” backups with lots of exclusions. At some point there will be an exclusion where there should not be. If data is going to be excluded from the backup, store it in a folder called “donotbackup”. Be disciplined and consistent in the spelling of this folder name and set a global exclusion for this name.
In the same keep it simple vein, get a hard drive or storage device big enough to hold all your data. Do not substitute more complicated processes and additional labor to try to make an undersized system work.
How Long to Keep Backups
Save your backups for longer than you think you have to—something unexpected always comes up. (Why is it still unexpected? No one knows.) We tend to use an adapted version of Grandfather-Father-Son: We call every third Grandfather an archive and don’t overwrite it. For more information on what your media rotation and labels should look like, contact us.
Test your Backups
Like many of our clients, we have learned the hard way that just because you set up a job, run the job, and even read a successful report does not mean that files were actually backed up. Tapes fail (they are mechanical), files are locked and can’t be copied, and software errors do occur. Frankly, backup software is notorious for reporting that everything is satisfactory when in fact the job has failed. It is for these reasons that online backup services and hard drives are gaining ground over tapes.
As a fail-safe, once a month, you should select a few files at random and restore them, making sure not to overwrite newer versions. Then open the files and confirm that they are intact and usable. A few times per year you should select a critical database, such as your email or billing database, and restore it, making sure that the restore is usable. If you find that your restores aren’t usable, you have time to address the problem before an emergency arises. Make sure that you do so.
Always Keep a Backup Off-Site
The reason for off-site backup is simple: If something physically catastrophic happens at your place of work and your backups are there, they will be rendered inaccessible or destroyed. Store your off-site backup securely, in a hardened facility, and update it with a current backup every day. Protecting something just long enough for someone to steal (or something to destroy) every bit of data your company cherishes is not going to help. It is for this reason that online services are preferable to hard drives.